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The Revolution was initially sparked by the CGT, who declared a General Strike in the spring of 1919, hot on the heels of the second outbreak of mutiny in the French Army. His successor, Léon Jouhaux, agreed to participate in the Union Sacrée government, followed by most of the SFIO leadership. Helped by the union of Guesde's revolutionary followers and Jean Jaurès' social-democrats into the Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (French Section of the Workers' International), the French left was coming into prominence, helped by its role in the Dreyfus affair, when the Weltkrieg broke out.įirst an outspoken pacifist, Jaurès was shot down by a nationalist activist four days before the French entry in the war. In 1895, the Confédération Générale du Travail (General Confederation of Labour), vowing to be independent of all political formations, was founded at Limoges, an engagement that was renewed by the 1906 Charte d'Amiens, affirming the anarcho-syndicalist tendency within the CGT, embodied by its vice-secretary Emile Pouget. The French syndicalist movement was quickly overtaken by anarchist activists, after the repressive "lois scélérates" of 1894.
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Those left in the wake of the debacle were torn apart, divided between the Marxist-inspired Parti Ouvrier Français of Jules Guesde and the French trade unions, encouraged by the successes of Fernand Peloutier's Fédération des Bourses du Travail. The repression that followed decapitated for years the nascent French socialism, while the SPD developed in Germany and the Trade Unions flourished in Britain. In fact, triggered by the Parisians' resentment against the defeatist French government and after months of siege by the Prussian Army, the Paris Commune was something more of a Utopian and enthusiastic socialist experiment, having short-lived and anecdotal followings in French provinces, and later smashed in a bloodbath by the Legalist French Army. Karl Marx, in his important pamphlet The Civil War in France, considered the 1871 Paris Commune as the prototype for a future revolutionary insurrection, the form at last discovered for the emancipation of the proletariat.